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National without household registration (abbreviated NWOHR) is the legal status held by nationals of the Republic of China (ROC) who lack household registration in the Taiwan Area. ROC nationality law considers many overseas Chinese as well as most residents of mainland China, Hong Kong, and Macau to be ROC nationals.〔Roger Mark Selya, Development and Demographic Change in Taiwan (World Scientific, 2004), p. 329.〕 Such persons may be entitled to ROC diplomatic protection and ROC passports. However, nationality is a necessary but not sufficient condition for most civic duties and privileges in Taiwan. NWOHRs are subject to immigration control under the Immigration Act (though on different terms than foreigners), and can receive national health insurance if they have resided in Taiwan for at least one year in a two-year period, however may not vote; they are also exempt from military conscription. ==Overview== Though there is only one Chinese-language name for NWOHR status, it has a variety of translations into English. The Ministry of Justice's English translations of relevant laws and regulations use a variety of translations, including: *"nationals without registered permanent residence in the Taiwan Area" (Immigration Act Article 3, Paragraph 5)〔. Note that as of the access date, the (English translation ) is only updated to 2009-01-23.〕 *"non-citizen ROC nationals" (Immigration Act, Article 16)〔 *"unregistered nationals" (Immigration Act Enforcement Rules, Articles 12, 13, 21, and 22) *"Overseas Chinese having not established household registration in the Republic of China" (Conscription Regulations for Naturalized Aliens & Returning Overseas Chinese, Article 3)〔 *"people without nationalities in Taiwan" (Household Registration Law Enforcement Rules, Article 21)〔. (English translation ) also available.〕 Additionally, the ''Taipei Times'' sometimes uses "nationals without citizenship". NWOHR status arises out of the ROC government's outstanding sovereignty claims to Mainland China, under which essentially all PRC nationals and many overseas Chinese are also ROC nationals under ROC law. ROC nationality law does not use the term "citizen" (公民) but merely defines those with ROC nationality as "nationals" (國民). The further differentiation of "nationals" into NWOHRs and "nationals with household registration" (有戶籍國民), with only the latter entitled to civic duties and obligations in Taiwan, while the former subjected to immigration restrictions in Taiwan. (Note difference between "citizenship" and "nationality" and see similar statuses below.) The Immigration Act's definition of NWOHR refers only to persons lacking Taiwan Area household registration who live outside of the territory of the Republic of China.〔 Hong Kong and Macau residents and Mainland Area persons who enter the Taiwan Area are also treated as ROC nationals: if they lack household registration, they must apply for Entry Permits rather than visas, and if they wish to reside in the Taiwan Area must apply for Taiwan Area Resident Certificates instead of Alien Registration Certificates. Other aspects of their treatment differ from that given to NWOHRs from overseas. Mongolian nationals were also previously treated as Mainland Area persons under the Mainland Relations Act. However, a 2002 amendment to the Enforcement Rules〔Full text of the Enforcement Rules mentioned: . (English translation ) also available.〕 of the act excluded Mongolia from the definition of "Mainland Area". Since that time, Mongolians are treated as aliens instead of nationals, and apply for visas instead of entry permits to enter the Taiwan Area. About 2,000 NWOHRs in Taiwan are originally from the Philippines.〔 Many ethnic Chinese in the Philippines whose parents came from mainland China while it was still under the control of the Republic of China are Republic of China nationals in addition to or rather than Philippine citizens. Since their parents have no connection to Taiwan, they are NWOHRs.〔 Another group of NWOHRs are the so-called "forgotten soldiers" (泰北孤軍): Republic of China Army soldiers who fled to northern Thailand and northern Burma from Yunnan province at the end of the Chinese Civil War, as well as their descendants. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「National without household registration」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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